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Enzyme inhibitors are molecules that bind to enzymes and decrease their activity. Since blocking an enzyme's activity can kill a pathogen or correct a metabolic imbalance, many drugs are enzyme inhibitors. Inhibitor binding is either reversible or irreversible. Irreversible inhibitors usually react with the enzyme and change it chemically. These inhibitors modify key amino acid residues needed for enzymatic activity. In contrast, reversible inhibitors bind non-covalently and different types of inhibition are produced depending on whether these inhibitors bind the enzyme, the enzyme-substrate complex, or both. Their discovery and improvement is an active area of research in biochemistry and pharmacology. A medicinal enzyme inhibitor is often judged by its specificity (its lack of binding to other proteins) and its potency (its dissociation constant, which indicates the concentration needed to inhibit the enzyme). A high specificity and potency ensure that a drug will have few side effects and thus low toxicity. Enzyme inhibitors also occur naturally and are involved in the regulation of metabolism. (more...)

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...that Antonio Fontanesi (work pictured) was one of three foreign artists chosen by the Meiji government to oversee Japan's first public art school?
...that Graham Creek in California was a seasonal hunting and gathering ground for prehistoric Pomo and Wappo people?
...that Ye Htoon was the final director-general of the Burmese Scout Movement before the military junta disbanded it in 1964?
...that U.S. judge Charles Crookham held a mock funeral for Roman numerals when they were retired from use in state pleadings?
...that venturi scrubbers use the named effect explained by Bernoulli's principle to remove unwanted particles from an exhaust stream?
...that Mafioso Totò Riina eulogised Giuseppe Calderone as a great peacemaker, despite having been allegedly responsible for ordering his death?
...that six Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres are charged with globally tracking tropical cyclones?
...that the support that Australian author Mary Grant Bruce gave to racial stereotypes and social Darwinism in her books was redacted from later editions?

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Police are investigating the murders of five women in Ipswich, England.
A research expedition concludes that the Chinese River Dolphin (illustration pictured) is now likely extinct, marking the first extinction of a large mammal in recent decades.
Astronauts on mission STS-116 attempt to redeploy a new solar array on the International Space Station's Integrated Truss Structure.
Former President of Ethiopia Mengistu Haile Mariam is convicted in absentia of genocide by an Ethiopian court for his part in the so-called "Red Terror".
A conference aiming to "review the Holocaust" is held in Tehran, Iran.
In his final speech in office, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan encourages the United States to provide global leadership whilst respecting multilateralism.
A military funeral is held for former Chilean head of state Augusto Pinochet.

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December 15: Hanukkah begins at sunset (Judaism, 2006); Zamenhof Day

1791 - The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution (pictured), collectively known as the United States Bill of Rights, were ratified.
1891 - James Naismith introduced the first version of basketball, with thirteen rules and nine players on each team.
1961 - Former Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann was sentenced to death after being found guilty on fifteen criminal charges, including war crimes and crimes against humanity.
1994 - The web browser Netscape Navigator 1.0 was first released.
1995 - The European Court of Justice passes the Bosman ruling, allowing footballers in the European Union to freely transfer from one UEFA Federation to another at the end of their contracts.

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