Portugal

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República Portuguesa Portuguese Republic
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: none
Anthem: A Portuguesa
Capital (and largest city)	Lisbon 38°46′N 9°11′W
Official languages	Portuguese1
Government	Parliamentary democracy
- President	Aníbal Cavaco Silva
- Prime Minister	José Sócrates
Formation	868
- Independence	24 June 1128
- Kingdom	25 July 1139
- Recognized	5 October 1143
Accession to EU	1 January 1986
and  outlying territories by area">Area
- Total	92,391 km² ( and  outlying territories by area">110th) 35,672 sq mi
- Water (%)	0.5
Population
- July 2006 estimate	10,605,870 (75th)
- 2001 census	10,148,259
- Density	114/km² (87th) 295/sq mi
GDP (PPP)	2005 estimate
- Total	$203.4 billion (41st)
- Per capita	$18,105 (38th)
HDI  (2004)	0.904 (high) (28th)
Currency	Euro (€)2 (EUR)
Time zone	WET3 (UTC)
- Summer (DST)	WEST (UTC+1)
Internet TLD	.pt4
Calling code	+351
1 Mirandese and  Portuguese Sign Language are  officially recognized and  protected. 2 Prior to 1999: Portuguese escudo. 3 Azores: UTC-1; UTC in summer. 4 The .eu domain is  also used, as it  is shared with other European Union member states.

Coordinates: 38°42′N 9°11′W Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa; pron. IPA [ʁɛ'publikɐ puɾtu'gezɐ]), located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula, is  the westernmost country of mainland Europe. Portugal is  bordered by Spain to the north and  east and  by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and  south. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and  Madeira are  also part of Portugal.

The territory which forms the modern Portuguese Republic has witnessed a constant flow of civilizations during the past 3,100 years, since the earlier pre-Roman inhabitants, to the Roman, Germanic, and  Moorish peoples who made an  imprint on the country's culture, history, language, and  ethnic composition. During the 15th and  16th centuries, with its vast transcontinental empire, Portugal was one of the world's major economic, political, and  cultural powers. A developed country, Portugal is  a member of the European Union (since 1986) and  the United Nations (since 1955), and  a founding member of the Eurozone, OECD, and  NATO.

Contents 1 History 2 Government and  Politics 3 Foreign Relations and  Military 4 Administrative Divisions 5 Geography and  Climate 6 Economy 7 Energy, Transportation and  Communications 8 Demographics 9 Education 10 Law 11 Religion 12 Culture 13 Cuisine 14 Sports and  Games 15 Festivals and  Holidays 16 Facts and  figures 17 See also 18 Notes and  References 19 External links

[edit] History

Main article: History of Portugal

Portugal came into existence as an  independent nation on June 24, 1128, when Afonso Henriques, Count of Portugal, defeated his mother, Countess Teresa, and  her lover, Fernão Peres de Trava, in battle - thereby establishing himself as sole leader. Afonso Henriques proclaimed himself king of Portugal on July 25, 1139, after the Battle of Ourique and  was recognized as such in 1143 by Alfonso VII, king of León and  Castile, and  in 1179 by Pope Alexander III.

Afonso and  his successors, aided by military monastic orders, pushed southward to drive out the Moors, as the size of Portugal covered about half of its present area. In 1249, this Reconquista ended with the capture of the Algarve on the southern coast.

In 1373, Portugal made an  alliance with England, which is  the longest-standing alliance in the world. In the following decades, Portugal spearheaded the exploration of the world and  undertook the Age of Discovery. Prince Henry the Navigator, son of King João I, became the main sponsor and  patron of this endeavor.

In 1383, the king of Castile, husband of the daughter of the Portuguese king who had died without a male heir, claimed his throne. an  ensuing popular revolt led to the 1383-1385 Crisis. A faction of petty noblemen and  commoners, led by John of Aviz (later John I), seconded by General Nuno Álvares Pereira, defeated the Castilians in the Battle of Aljubarrota. This celebrated battle is  still a symbol of glory and  the struggle for independence from neighboring Spain.

In 1415, the Portuguese empire arose when a fleet conquered Ceuta, a prosperous Islamic trade center in North Africa. There followed the first discoveries in the Atlantic: Madeira and  the Azores, which led to the first colonization movements.

Throughout the 15th century, Portuguese explorers sailed the coast of Africa, establishing trading posts as they looked for a route to India and  its spices, which were coveted in Europe. In 1498, Vasco da Gama finally reached India and  brought economic prosperity to Portugal and  its then population of one million residents.

In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral landed in Brazil and  claimed it  for Portugal. Ten years later, Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Goa, in India, Ormuz in the Persian Strait, and  Malacca in what is  now Malaysia. Thus, the Portuguese empire held dominion over commerce in the Indian Ocean and  South Atlantic.

Portugal's independence was interrupted between 1580 and  1640. Because the heirless King Sebastian died in battle in Morocco, Philip II of Spain claimed his throne and  so became Philip I of Portugal. Although Portugal did not lose its formal independence, it  was governed by the same monarch who governed Spain, briefly forming a union of kingdoms; in 1640, John IV spearheaded an  uprising backed by disgruntled nobles and  was proclaimed king. This was the beginning of the long-lived dynasty of Braganza. By this time, however, the Portuguese empire was already under attack from other countries, specifically Britain and  the Netherlands. Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil. This contributed to a period of political chaos and  civil war.

In 1910, a revolution deposed the Portuguese monarchy, but chaos continued and  considerable economic problems were aggravated by a disastrous military intervention in the First World War, which led to a military coup d'état in 1926. This in turn led to the establishment of a right-wing dictatorship by António de Oliveira Salazar. In the early 1960s, independence movements in the colonies of Angola, Mozambique, and  Portuguese Guinea resulted in the Portuguese Colonial War. In 1974, a bloodless left-wing military coup led the way for a modern democracy. Portugal joined the European Union in 1986, and  ever since Portugal has engaged in a process of convergence with its EU counterparts.

[ and  Politics">edit] Government and  Politics

Main articles on politics and  government of Portugal can be found at the Politics and  government of Portugal series.

Portugal is  a democratic republic ruled by the constitution of 1976 with Lisbon, the nation's largest city, as its capital.

The four main governing components are  the president of the republic, the assembly of the republic, the government, and  the courts. The constitution grants the complete separation of powers among legislative, executive, and  judicial branches.

The president, who is  elected to a five-year term, has a supervising, nonexecutive role. The Assembly of the Republic is  a unicameral parliament composed of 230 deputies elected for four-year terms.

The government is  headed by the prime minister, who chooses a Council of Ministers, made up of ministers and  their assistants, the secretaries of state. The national and  regional governments are  dominated by two political parties, the Socialist Party and  the Social Democratic Party.

The courts are  organized into categories, including judicial, administrative, and  fiscal. The supreme courts are  the courts of last appeal. A nine-member constitutional court oversees the constitutionality of legislation.

[ and  Military">edit] Foreign Relations and  Military

Main articles: Foreign Relations of Portugal and  Military of Portugal

Portugal has been a member of NATO since 1949, the European Union since 1986, and  the Community of Portuguese Language Countries since 1996. it  has a friendship alliance and  dual citizenship treaty with Brazil. it  has good relations with the United States, the United Kingdom, and  China (due to Macau), as well as the other European Union countries. Portugal has centuries-old diplomatic ties with Morocco^{[citation needed]}.

The only international dispute concerns the municipality of Olivenza, which Spain received in 1801 under the Treaty of Badajoz and  has since administered. Portugal claimed it  in 1815 under the Treaty of Vienna. Nevertheless, diplomatic relations between the two countries are  cordial.

The armed forces have  three branches: Army, Navy, and  Air Force. In the 20th century, Portugal engaged in two major military interventions: the First Great War and  the Colonial War (1961-1974). Portugal has participated in peacekeeping missions in East Timor,  and  Herzegovina">Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Iraq, and  Lebanon. The draft was abolished in 2003.

[edit] Administrative Divisions

Main article: Political divisions of Portugal

Portugal has an  administrative structure of 308 municipalities (Portuguese singular/plural: concelho/concelhos), which are  subdivided into more  than 4,000 parishes (freguesia/freguesias). Municipalities are  grouped for administrative purposes into superior units. For continental Portugal the municipalities are  gathered in 18 Districts, while the Islands have  a Regional Government directly above them. Thus, the largest unit of classification are  the ones established since 1976 into either mainland Portugal (Portugal Continental) or  the autonomous regions of Portugal (Azores and  Madeira).

[ and  Climate">edit] Geography and  Climate

Main articles: Geography of Portugal and  Conservation areas of Portugal

Continental Portugal is  split by its main river, the Tagus (Tejo). The northern landscape is  mountainous in interior areas, with plateaus indented by river valleys, which allow agricultural development. The south, between the Tejo and  the Algarve (the Alentejo), features mostly rolling plains and  a climate somewhat warmer and  drier than in the cooler and  rainier north. The Algarve, separated from the Alentejo by mountains, enjoys a Mediterranean climate like Morocco or  southern Spain.

Snow is  usual in the northern half of the nation, around the 40 N parallel. it  is a rare event in the south, but it  does happen.

The islands of the Azores and  Madeira are  located in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Some islands have  had volcanic activity as recently as 1957. Portugal's highest point is  Mount Pico on Pico Island, it  is an  ancient volcano measuring 2,351 m (i.e., 7,713 ft.).

The climate can be classified as Mediterranean in the south and  Oceanic in the north. One of the warmest European countries, yearly temperature averages in mainland Portugal are  13°C (55°F) in the north and  18°C (64°F) in the south. The Madeira and  Azores archipelagos have  a narrower temperature range. Spring and  summer are  sunny, whereas autumn and  winter are  rainy and  windy.

[edit] Economy

Main article: Economy of Portugal

Portugal joined the European Union in 1986 and  started a process of modernization within the framework of a stable environment. it  has achieved a healthy level of growth. Successive governments have  implemented reforms and  privatized many state-controlled firms and  liberalized key areas of the economy. Portugal was one of the founding countries of the euro in 1999.

Major industries include oil refineries, automotive, cement production,  and  paper industry">pulp and  paper industry, textile, footwear, furniture, and  cork (the world's leading producer).^[1] Agriculture no longer represents the bulk of the economy, but Portuguese wines, namely port wine (from Porto )and Madeira wine, are  exported worldwide. Tourism is  also important, especially in the Algarve and  Madeira Islands.

[ and  Communications">edit] Energy, Transportation and  Communications

Main articles: Transportation in Portugal and  Communications in Portugal

In June 2006, U.S. energy companies GE Energy, PowerLight Corp. and  Portuguese renewable energy company Catavento began building the world's largest solar power plant in southeast Portugal.

The world's first commercial wave farm opened in October 2006 in northern Portugal.

As of 2006, 55% of electricity production was from coal and  fuel power plants. The other 40% was produced by hydroelectrics and  5% by wind energy. The government is  channeling $3.8 billion into developing renewable energy sources over the next five years.

Transportation was seen as a priority in the 1990s, pushed by the growing use of automobiles and  industrialization. The country has a 68,732 km (i.e., 42,708 mi.) network of roads, of which 2,000 km (i.e., 1,240 mi.) are  part of 44 motorways.

The two principal metropolitan areas have  subway systems: Lisbon Metro and  Porto Metro, each with more  than 35 km (22 mi) of lines. Construction of a high-speed TGV line connecting Porto with Lisbon and  Lisbon with Madrid will begin in 2008; it  will replace the Pendolinos. A new Lisbon airport will be built at the same time in Ota.

Portugal has one of the highest mobile phone penetration rates in the world (the number of operative mobile phones already exceeds the population). As of October 2006, 36.8% of households had high-speed Internet services and  78% of companies had Internet access. Most Portuguese watch television through cable (June 2004: 73.6% of households).

The most important airports are  in Lisbon, Faro (Algarve), Oporto, Funchal (Madeira), and  Ponta Delgada (Azores).

[edit] Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Portugal

The country is  fairly homogeneous linguistically and  religiously. Native Portuguese are  ethnically a combination of pre-Roman Iberians and  Celtics with some Roman and  Germanic influences, among other minor contributions.

In the 2001 census, the population was 10,356,117, of which 51.7% was female. By the end of 2003, legal immigrants represented 4.2% of the population, and  the largest communities were from Ukraine, Brazil, Cape Verde, and  Angola, with other immigrants from parts of Latin America and  Eastern Europe. The great majority of Portuguese are  Roman Catholic. The biggest metropolitan areas are  Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Coimbra, and  Aveiro.

Portugal, long a country of emigration, has now become a country of net immigration, and  not just from the former Indian and  African colonies. Today, many Eastern Europeans (especially Ukrainians, Moldavians, Romanians and  Russians), as well as Brazilians, are  making Portugal their home. There is  a rapidly growing community of Chinese and  a notable number of Macanese, who are  descendants of Chinese and  Portuguese settlers, with some Malays and  Indians. Despite these numbers, many portuguese descendents are  leaving the country, most of them move to other countries with large number of portuguese communities like Spain, France, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Andorra, Lietchenstein, USA, UK as well as the Netherlands.

[edit] Education

Main article: Education in Portugal

The educational system is  divided into preschool (for those under age 6), basic education (9 years, in three stages, compulsory), secondary education (3 years), and  higher education (university and  polytechnic).

Portuguese universities have  existed since 1290. The oldest Portuguese university was first established in Lisbon before moving to Coimbra. Universities are  usually organized into faculties. Institutes and  schools are  also common designations for autonomous subdivisions of  and  universities in Portugal">Portuguese higher learning institutions, and  are always used in the politechnical system. The Bologna process is  expected to be adopted before 2011.

[edit] Law

Main article: Portuguese Legal System

The Portuguese legal system is  part of the civil law legal system, also called the continental family legal system. Until the end of the 19th century, French law was the main influence. Since then the major influence has been German law. The main laws include the Constitution (1976, as amended), the Civil Code (1966, as amended) and  the Penal Code (1982, as amended). Other relevant laws are  the Commercial Code (1888, as amended) and  the Civil Procedure Code (1961, as amended). Portuguese law applied in the former colonies and  territories and  continues to be the major influence for those countries.

[edit] Religion

Main article: Religion in Portugal

Portuguese society is  overwhelmingly Roman Catholic. Approximately 97% of the population consider themselves Roman Catholic [1], the highest percentage in Western Europe, but only about one-third attend mass and  take the sacraments regularly. Yet a larger number wish to be baptized, married in the church, and  receive last rites.

The practice of religion shows striking regional differences. Even in the 1990s, 60% to 70% of the population in the north regularly attended religious services, compared with 10% to 15% in the historically anti-clerical south. In the greater Lisbon area, about 30% were regular churchgoers.

[edit] Culture

Main article: Culture of Portugal

Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have  crossed the Mediterranean or  were introduced during the Age of Discovery.

Portuguese literature, one of the earliest Western literatures, developed through text and  song. Until 1350, the Portuguese-Galician troubadours spread their literary influence to most of the Iberian Peninsula.^[2] Gil Vicente (ca. 1465 - ca. 1536), was one of the founders of both Portuguese and  Spanish dramatic traditions. Adventurer and  poet Luís de Camões (ca. 1524-1580) wrote the epic poem The Lusiads, with Vergil's Aeneid as his main influence. Modern Portuguese poetry is  rooted in neoclassic and  contemporary styles, as exemplified by Fernando Pessoa (1888–1935). Modern literature is  internationally known through the works of Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Eça de Queirós, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, António Lobo Antunes, and  1998 Nobel Prize winner, José Saramago, and  others.

Portuguese music encompasses a wide variety of genres. The most renowned is  fado, a melancholy urban music, usually associated with the Portuguese guitar and  saudade, or  longing. Coimbra fado, a unique type of fado, is  also noteworthy. Internationally notable performers include Amália Rodrigues, Carlos Paredes, Mariza, Mísia, and  Madredeus. One of the most notable Portuguese musical groups outside the country, and  specially in Germany, is  the goth-metal band Moonspell. In addition to fado and  folk, the Portuguese listen to pop and  other types of modern music. Bands with international recognition include Blasted Mechanism and  The Gift, both of which were nominated for an  MTV Music Award. Portugal has several music festivals: Zambujeira do Mar, Paredes de Coura, Rock in Rio Lisboa, and  SuperBock SuperRock, among others.

Traditional architecture is  distinctive. Modern Portugal has given the world renowned architects Eduardo Souto de Moura and  Álvaro Siza Vieira. Prominent international figures in visual arts include painters Vieira da Silva and  Paula Rego.

Since the 1990s, Portugal has increased the number of public cultural facitilies, in addition to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established in 1956. These include the Belém Cultural Center in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and  the Casa da Música, both in Oporto.

[edit] Cuisine

Main articles: Portuguese Cuisine and  Portuguese Wine

Cuisine is  particularly diverse. Recipes for rice, potato, bread, meat, seafood, and  fish dishes are  staples. The Portuguese have  a reputation for loving cod (bacalhau in Portuguese), for which, it  is said, there are  365 recipes (i.e, one for each day of the year): pastéis de bacalhau, bacalhau à Brás, and  bacalhau à Gomes de Sá are  some of the most popular ones. Other fish recipes are  popular like grilled sardines and  caldeirada. The art of pastry, having its origins in old and  rich recipes, is  popular. Desserts and  cakes, such as Lisbon's pastéis de nata (delicious with strong coffee), Aveiro's ovos-moles, and  many others, are  appreciated. Portugal has its own adaptation of fast food; one of the most popular is  Porto's francesinha. Other recipes include the feijoada, made with pieces of meat, sausages, and  beans served with white and  dry rice, the cozido à portuguesa, made with various kinds of meat, rice, potatoes and  other vegetables, all boiled, and  the espetadas.

Wines have  been exported since the time of the Romans, who associated Portugal with Bacchus, their god of wine and  feasting. Today, the country is  known by wine lovers, and  its wines have  won international prizes. Many famous Portuguese wines are  known as some of the world's best: Vinho Verde, Vinho Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do Dão, Vinho da Bairrada and  the sweet: Port Wine, Madeira wine and  the Moscatels of Setúbal and  Favaios (Douro). Port wine is  the most widely exported, followed by Vinho Verde, whose export is  increasing rapidly in response to growing international demand.

[ and  Games">edit] Sports and  Games

Main article: Culture of Portugal#Sports and  games

Football is  the most known, loved and  practiced sport. Luís Figo was one of the world's top players along with Rui Costa, Cristiano Ronaldo, and  Nuno Gomes, some of them new to the team, but the legendary Eusébio is  still a major symbol of Portuguese football. Figo retired from the National Team after the 2006 FIFA World Cup.

The Portuguese national team, Selecção Nacional, has won two FIFA World Youth Championships and  several other UEFA youth championships. After a third place in the 1966 FIFA World Cup, they finished in fourth place at the 2006 FIFA World Cup. In addition, they finished second in Euro 2004, their best result in this competition to date.

SL Benfica, Sporting Clube de Portugal and  FC Porto are  the main clubs, often known as "os três grandes" ("the big three"). Benfica has played in the UEFA Champions League final (then the UEFA Champions Cup) seven times and  has two titles, FC Porto also has two titles in that competition and  a UEFA Cup. Benfica is  the most popular club in Portugal with more  than 160000 affiliates and  is recognised by the Guinness World Records as the club with more  affiliates in the world. Sporting Clube de Portugal has won a European Cup Winners' Cup.

Portugal has a successful rink hockey team, with 15 world titles and  20 european titles, making it  the country with more  wins in both competitions. The most important Portuguese hockey clubs in the European championships are  FC Porto, SL Benfica, and  Óquei de Barcelos.

The national rugby union team have  not yet qualified for a Rugby World Cup, but are  very close to entering France 2007. The Portuguese national team of Rugby Sevens is  also strong, becoming one of the strongest teams, proving their status as European champions.

Francis Obikwelu again  won two European gold medals in the 100 m and  the 200 m in 2006, having already received gold and  silver medals in 2004 and  a silver in the 2004 Summer Olympics. Naide Gomes is  a European elite athlete in pentathlon and  long jump.

In the triathlon, Vanessa Fernandes, three times European champion in elite sub-23, won the silver medal in the world championships and  became the winner of 2006's World Cup by winning 12 consecutive Grand Prix (world record tied).

[ and  Holidays">edit] Festivals and  Holidays

Main article: Culture of Portugal#Festivals and  Holidays

Festivals play a major role during the summer. Almost every city, town, and  village has a festival, and  they are  especially popular in June, when events are  dedicated to three saints known as the santos populares (popular saints: Saint Anthony, Saint John, and  Saint Peter). Why the populace associated these Catholic saints with pagan festivities is  not known, but it  is possibly related to Roman or  local deities who existed before Christianity spread into the region. These festivities generally include wine and  água-pé (a watered-down wine), traditional bread, grilled sardines or  traditional meat-based dishes, pimba music, traditional street dances, fireworks, and  religious processions.

[ and  figures">edit] Facts and  figures

• Official date format: YYYY/MM/DD (ex. 2006/09/08)
• Common date format: DD/MM/YYYY (ex. 06/09/2006), dates are  written out as DD de MM de YYYY (ex. 18 de Agosto de 2005)
• Decimal separator is  a comma: 123,45
• Thousands are  officially separated by a space — 10 000 — although the point is  still used — 10.000.
• The currency is  the euro, abbreviation €, divided into 100 cêntimos (main article: Linguistic issues concerning the euro#Portuguese)
• The euro sign is  commonly placed either before or  after the amount, with the separator either a comma or  a point: 10,95 € - € 10,95 - € 10.95 - 10.95 €
• Postal code: 4+3 digits, separated by a hyphen (main article: Postal code#Portugal).

[edit] See also

Topics related to Portugal edit
History	Timeline of Portuguese history, Kings of Portugal, Oestriminis, Ophiussa, Lusitanian, Roman Lusitania, Suebi, Establishment of the Kingdom of Portugal, Order of Christ, 1383–1385 Crisis, Battle of Aljubarrota, Consolidation of Portugal, Discoveries Odyssey, Treaty of Tordesillas, Portuguese Empire, 1755 Lisbon earthquake, Peninsular War, Liberal Wars, Estado Novo, Carnation Revolution, Military
Politics	Constitution, Presidents of Portugal, Assembly of the Republic, Political parties, Council of State, Foreign relations, Elections, Political divisions, Duarte Pio, Duke of Braganza
Geography	Estrela Mtns., Volcanoes, Gerês (National Park), Regions, Islands (Azores & Madeira), Rivers, Roman Geography of Portugal, Cities (Greater Lisbon & Greater Porto), Municipalities
Economy	Euro (Portuguese coins), Companies, Bank of Portugal
Demographics	Languages (Portuguese & Mirandese), Catholic Church (Patriarch of Lisbon)
Culture	Music (Fado, Hip Hop Tuga, Pimba, Portuguese rock), musical instruments (Portuguese guitar & Cavaquinho), Literature, Cuisine & wines (Port wine, Madeira wine & Verde wine)
Other	Telecommunications, Transportation (Lisbon Metro & Porto Metro), Universities, Flag, Monuments, Portuguese sidewalk, Portuguese birds, List of Portuguese People, Portuguese Canadians, Scouting Federation of Portugal, Lusophobia

[ and  References">edit] Notes and  References

• Ribeiro, Ângelo & Saraiva, José Hermano História de Portugal I - A Formação do Território QuidNovi, 2004 (ISBN 989-554-106-6)
• Ribeiro, Ângelo & Saraiva, José Hermano História de Portugal II - A Afirmação do País QuidNovi, 2004 (ISBN 989-554-107-4)
• de Macedo, Newton & Saraiva, José Hermano História de Portugal III - A Epopeia dos Descobrimentos QuidNovi, 2004 (ISBN 989-554-108-2)
• de Macedo, Newton & Saraiva, José Hermano História de Portugal IV - Glória e Declínio do Império QuidNovi, 2004 (ISBN 989-554-109-0)
• Ribeiro, Ângelo & Saraiva, José Hermano História de Portugal V - A Restauração da Indepêndencia QuidNovi, 2004 (ISBN 989-554-110-4)
• Saraiva, José Hermano História de Portugal X - A Terceira República QuidNovi, 2004 (ISBN 989-554-115-5)
• Loução, Paulo Alexandre: Portugal, Terra de Mistérios Ésquilo, 2000 (third edition; ISBN 972-8605-04-8)
• Muñoz, Mauricio Pasto: Viriato, A Luta pela Liberdade Ésquilo, 2003 (third edition; ISBN 972-8605-23-4)
• Grande Enciclopédia Universal Durclub, 2004
• Constituição da República Portuguesa, VI Revisão Constitucional, 2004
• Programa do Movimento das Forças Armadas, 1974 [2]

[edit] External links

• (English) Official Travel and  Tourism office website
• (English) Official Portuguese Government website
• (English) Porto Portugal Guide
• (English) Official Parliament website
• (English) Wikitravel guide to Portugal
• (English) Land of Viriathus portuguese national hero
• Orfeon Académico de Coimbra

	International relations of Portugal
Geographical and  geopolitical: Europe · Southern Europe, Iberian Peninsula | European Union
Historical and  cultural: Community of Portuguese Language Countries | Latin Union
International organisations: United Nations | NATO | World Trade Organization | OECD |  and  Co-operation in Europe">OSCE