Poland

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For other uses, see Poland (disambiguation).

Rzeczpospolita Polska Republic of Poland
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: none1
Anthem: Dąbrowski's Mazurka (Polish: Mazurek Dąbrowskiego)
Capital (and largest city)	Warsaw 52°13′N 21°02′E
Official languages	Polish2
Government	Parliamentary republic
- President	Lech Kaczyński
- Prime minister	Jarosław Kaczyński
Formation
- Christianisation4	966
- Redeclared	November 11, 1918
Accession to EU	May 1, 2004
and  outlying territories by area">Area
- Total	312,683 km² ( and  outlying territories by area">69th) 120,421 ( sq mi
- Water (%)	3.07
Population
- 2006 estimate	38,536,869 (31st)
- 2002 census	38,530,080
- Density	121.9/km² (83rd) 319.9/sq mi
GDP (PPP)	2006 estimate
- Total	$546.543 billion (23rd)
- Per capita	$14,400 (48th)
HDI  (2004)	0.862 (high) (37th)
Currency	Złoty (PLN)
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
- Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Internet TLD	.pl5
Calling code	+48
1 But see Unofficial mottos of Poland. 2 Although not official languages, Lithuanian and  German are  used in eight communal offices. 3 The total area of Poland according to the administrative division, as given by the Central Statistical Office,[1] amounts to 312,683 km² - land area (311 889 km²) and  part of internal waters (794 km²) cut by the coast line; area of territory of Poland (including all internal waters and  the territorial sea) - 322 575 km². 4 The adoption of Christianity in Poland is  seen by many Poles, regardless of their religious affiliation, as one of the most significant national historical events; the new religion was used to unify the tribes in the region. 5 Also .eu, as Poland is  a member of the European Union.

Poland (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska), is  a country in Central Europe. it  is bordered by Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and  Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and  Belarus to the east, and  the Baltic Sea, Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast  and  exclave">exclave) and  Lithuania to the north. it  also shares a maritime border with Denmark and  Sweden. The total land area of Poland is  311,889 sq km^[2] (120,421 sq mi; but statistical area of administrative units is  312,863 sq km) making it  the  and  outlying territories by total area">69th largest country in the world with population over 38.5 million people ^[3] concentrated mainly in large cities, including the first capital of Poland, Cracow (Polish: Kraków), and  the present capital, Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa).

The first Polish state was born in 966. Poland became a kingdom in 1025, and  in 1569 it  cemented a long association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by uniting to form the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth collapsed in 1795, and  the Poles were without a state for 123 years. Poland regained its independence in 1918 after World War I but lost it  again in World War II, emerging several years later as a communist country within the Eastern Bloc under control of the former Soviet Union. In 1989 it  threw off the communist yoke and  became what is  informally known as the "Third Polish Republic". Today, as the 6th most populated member state of the European Union, Poland is  a liberal democracy made up of sixteen voivodeships (Polish: województwo). Poland is  also a member of NATO, the United Nations, and  the World Trade Organization.

[edit] History

Main article: History of Poland

Poland began to form into a recognizable unitary and  territorial entity around the middle of the 10th century under the Piast dynasty. Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, was baptized in 966, adopting Catholic Christianity as the nation's new official religion, to which the bulk of the population converted in the course of the next century. In the 12th century Poland fragmented into several smaller states, which were later ravaged by the Mongol armies of the Golden Horde in 1241, 1259 and  1287. In 1320 Władysław I became the King of a reunified Poland. His son, Casimir III, repaired the Polish economy, constructed new castles, and  won the war against the Ruthenian duchy (Lviv (Lwów) became a Polish City).

Poland was also a center of migration of peoples and  the Jewish community began to settle and  flourish in Poland during this era. See History of the Jews in Poland.

The Black Death which affected most parts of Europe from 1347 to 1351 did not reach Poland.^[4]

Under the Jagiellon dynasty, Poland forged an  alliance with its neighbour Lithuania. A golden age ensued during the 16th century after the Lublin Union, which gave birth to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The citizens of Poland took pride in their ancient freedoms and  Sejm parliamentary system, with the szlachta

The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at its greatest extent

In the mid-17th century a Swedish invasion rolled through the country during the turbulent time known as "The Deluge" (potop). Numerous wars against the Russia. This eventually led to the 'Liberum Veto', which allowed for any member of parliament to of May 3]] in 1791. The process of reform ceased with the three partitions of Poland between Russia, Prussia, and  Austria in 1772, 1793, and  1795, which ultimately dissolved the state. Poles resented their shrinking freedoms and  several times rebelled against the partitioners (see List of Polish Uprisings).

Napoleon recreated a Polish state, the Duchy of Warsaw, but after the Napoleonic wars, Poland was again  divided by the victorious Allies at the Congress of Vienna. The eastern portion was ruled by the Russian Czar as a Congress Kingdom, and  possessed a liberal constitution. However, the Czars soon reduced Polish freedoms and  Russia eventually de facto annexed the country. Later in the 19th century, Austrian-ruled Galicia became the oasis of Polish freedom.

During World War I all the Allies agreed on the restitution of Poland that United States President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed in Point 13 of his Fourteen Points. Shortly after the surrender of Germany in November 1918, Poland regained its independence as the Second Polish Republic (II Rzeczpospolita Polska). it  reaffirmed its independence after a series of military conflicts, the most notable being the 1919-1921 Polish-Soviet War.

 and  1938"> and  1938" width="180" height="138" longdesc="../../../r/z/e/Image%7ERzeczpospolita_1920.png_4233.html" />

Poland between 1922 and  1938

The 1926 May Coup of Józef Piłsudski turned the reins of the Second Polish Republic over to the Sanacja movement. it  lasted until the start of World War II on September 1, 1939, when Nazi Germany and  the Soviet Union invaded Poland (September 17). Warsaw capitulated on September 28, 1939 and  Poland was split into two zones, one occupied by Nazi Germany the other by the Soviet Union as agreed on in the Ribbentrop-Molotov pact. The eastern portion of the German-occupied zone was forged into the General Government area, and  the western portion (most of which had belonged to Germany prior to World War I) was incorporated into the German Reich.

Of all the countries involved in the war, Poland lost the highest percentage of its citizens: over 6 million perished, half of them Polish Jews. Poland also made the 4th largest Allied troop contribution, after the Americans, the British and  the Soviets, to ultimately defeat Nazi Germany. At the war's conclusion, Poland's borders were shifted westwards, pushing the eastern border to the Curzon line. Meanwhile, the western border was moved to the Oder-Neisse line. The new Poland emerged 20% smaller by 77,500 square kilometres (29,900 sq mi). The shift forced the migration of millions of people – Poles, Germans, Ukrainians, and  Jews.

 and  the yellow territories from Germany to Poland."> and  the yellow territories from Germany to Poland." width="200" height="166" longdesc="../../../m/a/p/Image%7EMap_of_Poland_%281945%29.png_8e44.html" />

At the end of World War II, the blue territories were transferred from Poland to the Soviet Union, and  the yellow territories from Germany to Poland.

As a result of these events, Poland became, for the first time in its multicultural history, an  ethnically unified country. A Polish minority is  still present in neighbouring countries of Ukraine, Belarus, and  Lithuania, as well as in other countries (see Poles article for the population numbers). The largest number of ethnic Poles outside of the country can be found in the United States.

The Soviet Union instituted a new Communist government in Poland, analogous to much of the rest of the Eastern Bloc. Military alignment within the Warsaw Pact throughout the Cold War was also part of this change. In 1948 a turn towards Stalinism brought in the beginning of the next period of totalitarian rule. The People's Republic of Poland (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa) was officially proclaimed in 1952. In 1956 the régime became more  liberal, freeing many people from prison and  expanding some personal freedoms. Persecution of communist opposition figures persisted. Labour turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union, "Solidarity" ("Solidarność" in Polish), which over time became a political force. it  eroded the dominance of the Communist Party; by 1989 it  had triumphed in parliamentary elections, and  Lech Wałęsa, a Solidarity candidate, eventually won the presidency in 1990. The Solidarity movement greatly contributed to the soon-following collapse of Communism all over Eastern Europe.

A shock therapy program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe. Despite a temporary slump in social and  economic standards, there were numerous improvements in other human rights, such as free speech, a functioning democracy and  the like. Poland was the first post-communist country to reach its pre-1989 GDP levels. In 1991 Poland became a member of the Visegrad Group and  joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance in 1999 along with the Czech Republic and  Hungary. Poles then voted to join the European Union in a referendum in June 2003, with Poland becoming a full member on May 1, 2004.

[edit] Politics

Main articles on politics and  government of Poland can be found at the Politics and  government of Poland series.

Poland is  a liberal democracy. Its current constitution dates from 1997. The government structure centres on the Council of Ministers, led by a prime minister. The current prime minister of Poland is  Jarosław Kaczyński. The president appoints the cabinet according to the proposals of the prime minister, typically from the majority coalition in the bicameral judicial lower house (the Sejm). The president, elected by popular vote every five years, serves as the head of state. The current president is  Lech Kaczyński, the twin brother of Jarosław Kaczyński.

Polish voters elect a bicameral parliament consisting of a 460 member lower house Sejm and  a 100 member Senate (Senat). The Sejm is  elected under a proportional representation electoral system using the d'Hondt method similar to that used in many parliamentary political systems. The Senate, on the other hand, is  elected under a rare plurality bloc voting method where several candidates with the highest support are  elected from each constituency. With the exception of ethnic minority parties, only candidates of political parties receiving at least 5% of the total national vote can enter the Sejm. When sitting in joint session, members of the Sejm and  Senate form the National Assembly, (Polish Zgromadzenie Narodowe). The National Assembly is  formed on three occasions: Taking the oath of office by a new president, bringing an  indictment against the President of the Republic to the Tribunal of State, and  declaration of a President's permanent incapacity to exercise their duties because of the state of their health. Only the first kind has occurred to date.

The judicial branch plays an  important role in decision-making. Its major institutions include the Supreme Court of Poland (Sąd Najwyższy), the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland (Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny) with judges appointed by the president of the Republic on the recommendation of the National Council of the Judiciary for an  indefinite period, the Constitutional Tribunal of Poland (Trybunał Konstytucyjny) with judges chosen by the Sejm for nine-year terms, and  the State Tribunal of Poland (Trybunał Stanu) with judges chosen by the Sejm for the current term of office of the Sejm, (except for the position of chairperson which is  held by the First President of the Supreme Court). The Sejm (on approval of the Polish Senate) appoints the Ombudsman or  the Commissioner for Civil Rights Protection (Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich) for a five-year term. The Ombudsman has the duty of guarding the observance and  implementation of the rights and  liberties of people and  the citizens, the law and  principles of community life and  social justice.

[edit] Geography

Poland

 and  the cathedral in the background."> and  the cathedral in the background." width="180" height="120" longdesc="../../../p/o/l/Image%7EPolska2005_026.jpg_30e5.html" />

Warsaw, the castle and  the cathedral in the background.

Łódź, Izrael Poznański's Factory.

Kraków, Wawel castle by night.

Wrocław.

Old Market square in Poznań.

Old town in Gdańsk.

Bydgoszcz.

 and  the Cathedral in Lublin."> and  the Cathedral in Lublin." width="180" height="120" longdesc="../../../5/_/l/Image%7E5_Lublin_04.jpg_05e7.html" />

The Trinitarian Tower and  the Cathedral in Lublin.

Toruń.

[edit] Topography

The Polish landscape consists almost entirely of the North European Plain, with an  average height of 173 m (568 ft). The Sudetes (including the Karkonosze) and  the Carpathian Mountains (including the Tatra mountains) form the southern border. This is  also where one finds Poland's highest point, Rysy, at 2,499 m (8,199 ft). Several large rivers cross the plains, i.e., the Vistula (Wisła), Oder (Odra), Warta and  the (Western) Bug. Poland also contains over 9,300 lakes, predominantly in the northern part of the country. Masuria (Mazury Lake District) forms the largest and  most-visited lake district in Poland. Remnants of the ancient forests are  present: see list of forests in Poland, i.e. Białowieża Forest. Poland enjoys a temperate climate, with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters and  mild summers with frequent showers and  thunderstorms.

For detailed view see: Poland Topo Map on-line

[edit] Principal cities

See also: List of cities in Poland over 20,000 population (2002 census)

See also: a complete Gazetteer of Polish towns and  settlements.

[edit] Administrative divisions

Administrative map of Poland

Poland is  subdivided into sixteen administrative regions known as voivodeships (województwa, singular - województwo):

Lower levels of administrative division are:

• powiats (counties)
• gminas (commune)

[edit] Economy

A hundred złoty note

Warsaw at night.

Katowice at night.

The Marina at Gdynia.

Lanckorona.

Żnin - a medieval town

Mikołajki in the Masuria lake area.

Sand dunes at the Baltic coast in Słowiński National Park

Gothic Church of the Transfiguration of Lord in Iława

Since its return to democracy, Poland has steadfastly pursued a policy of liberalising the economy and  today stands out as one of the most successful and  open examples of the transition from a partially state-capitalist market economy to a primarily privately owned market economy.

The privatisation of small and  medium state-owned companies and  a liberal law on establishing new firms have  allowed the development of an  aggressive private sector, followed by a development of consumer rights organisations later on. Restructuring and  privatisation of "sensitive sectors" (e.g., coal, steel, railways, and  energy) has begun. The biggest privatisations so far were a sale of Telekomunikacja Polska, a national telecom to France Telecom (2000) and  an issue of 30% shares of the biggest Polish bank, PKO BP, on the Polish stockmarket (2004).

Poland has a large agricultural sector of private farms, that could be a leading producer of food in the European Union now that Poland is  a member. Challenges remain, especially under-investment. Structural reforms in health care, education, the pension system, and  state administration have  resulted in larger-than-expected fiscal pressures. Warsaw leads Central Europe in foreign investment ^{[citation needed]} and  needs a continued large inflow. GDP growth had been strong and  steady from 1993 to 2000 with only a short slowdown from 2001 to 2002. The prospect of closer integration with the European Union has put the economy back on track, with growth of 3.7% annually in 2003, a rise from 1.4% annually in 2002. In 2004 GDP growth equalled 5.4%, and  in 2005 3.3%. Forecasted GDP for 2006 is  5.5 - 6.0%.

Annual growth rates broken down by quarters:

• 2003: Q1 - 2.2% | Q2 - 3.8% | Q3 - 4.7% | Q4 - 4.7%
• 2004: Q1 - 7.0% | Q2 - 6.1% | Q3 - 4.8% | Q4 - 4.9%
• 2005: Q1 - 2.1% | Q2 - 2.8% | Q3 - 3.7% | Q4 - 4.3%
• 2006: Q1 - 5.2% | Q2 - 5.5% | Q3 - 5.8%

Although the Polish economy is  currently undergoing economic progress, there are  many challenges ahead. The most notable task on the horizon is  the preparation of the economy (through continuing deep structural reforms) to allow Poland to meet the strict economic criteria for entry into the European Single Currency. There is  much speculation as to just when Poland might be allowed to join the Eurozone, although the best guess estimates put the entry date somewhere between 2009 and  2013 ^{[citation needed]}. For now, Poland is  preparing to make the Euro its official currency (though it  has not joined the ERM yet), and  the Złoty will eventually be abolished from the Polish economy.

Since joining the European Union, many young Polish people have  left their country to work in other EU countries because of high unemployment, which is  the highest in the EU (14.1% in September 2006).^[5]

Products Poland produces include clothes, electronics, cars (including luxury car Leopard), buses (Autosan, Jelcz SA, Solaris, Solbus), helicopters (PZL Świdnik), transport equipment, locomotives, planes (PZL Mielec), ships, military engineering (including tanks, SPAAG systems), medicines (Polpharma, Polfa, etc), food, chemical products etc.

[ and  education">edit] Science, technology and  education

For a more  detailed treatment of this topic, see the subarticles  and  technology">Polish science and  technology and  Education in Poland.

[edit] History

The education of Polish society was a goal of rulers as early as the 12th century. The library catalog of the Cathedral Chapter of Kraków dating back to 1110 shows that already in the early 12th century Polish intellectuals had access to the European literature. In 1364, in Kraków, the Jagiellonian University, founded by King Casimir III, became one of Europe's great early universities. In 1773 King Stanisław August Poniatowski established his Commission on National Education (Komisja Edukacji Narodowej), the world's first state ministry of education.

[edit] Current situation

Today, Poland has more  than a hundred tertiary education institutions; traditional universities to be found in its major cities of Gdańsk, Bydgoszcz, Katowice, Kraków, Lublin, Łódź, Białystok, Olsztyn, Poznań, Rzeszów, Toruń, Warsaw, Wrocław and  Zielona Góra as well as technical, medical, economic institutions elsewhere, employing around 61,000 workers. There are  also around 300 research and  development institutes, with about 10,000 more  researchers. In total, there are  around 91,000 scientists in Poland today.

According to a recent report by the European Commission, Poland ranks 21st on the list of EU states in the area of innovation. Conditions for knowledge creation are  worsening, particularly because of a decline in business  and  development">Research and  development, from 0.28% of GDP in 1998 to 0.16% in 2003. Public R&D expenditures were 0.43% of GDP in 2003. The share of university R&D funded by the business sector has also declined, indicating that firms have  not turned to outsourcing research to make up for declining R&D expenditures. Because of the very low levels of R&D, the process of transition of Poland to a knowledge economy is  slow. For more  info, see Innovation performance factsheet.

[ and  IT">edit] Telecommunication and  IT

For a more  detailed treatment of this topic, see the subarticles Communications in Poland and  Software development in Poland.

The share of the telecom sector in the GDP is  4.4% (end of 2000 figure), compared to 2.5% in 1996. Nevertheless, despite high expenditures for telecom infrastructure (the coverage increased from 78 users per 1000 inhabitants in 1989 to 282 in 2000)
the coverage mobile cellular is  850 users per 1000 people (2006)

• Telephones - mobile cellular: 32.5 million (Raport Telecom Team 2006)
• Telephones - main lines in use: 12.5 million (Raport Telecom Team 2005)

[edit] Transportation

• Rail: Poland's railways constitute one of the larger railway systems in the European Union, with 23,420 km (14,552 miles) of network as of 1998). Access to track has been opened up to competition[1] as required by the EU. However, delays by successive Governments in reforming the state railway company, PKP[2], combined with the imposition of severe budgetary constraints, have  caused a major cash crisis. Refurbishment of the network, bringing key routes into line with the standards on western European railway networks, is  proceeding very slowly, and  serious arrears of maintenance have  resulted in the imposition of speed restrictions on many other lines. Line closures and  withdrawal of feeder services similar to those that took place in the UK under the 'Beeching Axe' have  accelerated since 2000.
• Road: by Western European standards, Poland has a relatively poor infrastructure of expressways/highways. The Government has undertaken a programme to improve the standard of a number of significant national highways by 2013. The total length of expressways/highways is  364,657 km (226,587 miles). There are  a total of 9,283,000 registered passenger automobiles, as well as 1,762,000 registered trucks and  buses (2000).
• Air: Poland has ten major airports (in decreasing order of traffic: Warsaw, Kraków, Katowice, Gdańsk, Wrocław, Poznań, Szczecin, Rzeszów, Bydgoszcz and  Łódź), a total of 123 airports and  airfields, as well as three heliports. The number of passengers at Polish airports has consistently increased since 1991.
• Marine: the total length of navigable rivers and  canals is  3,812 km (2,369 miles). The merchant marine consists of 114 ships, with an  additional 100 ships registered outside the country. The principal ports and  harbours are: Port of Gdańsk, Port of Gdynia, Port of Szczecin, Port of Świnoujście, Port of Ustka, Port of Kolobrzeg, Gliwice, Warsaw, Wrocław.

[edit] Demographics

Poland formerly played host to many languages, cultures, and  religions. There was a particularly rich Jewish life in Poland prior to the Nazi Holocaust where Poland's Jewish population, estimated at 3 million was mass murdered, with an  estimated 300,000 survivors. The outcomes of World War II and  the following shift westwards to the area between the Curzon line and  the Oder-Neisse line gave Poland an  appearance of homogeneity. Today 36,983,700 people, or  96.74% of the population considers itself Polish (Census 2002), 471,500 (1.23%) declared another nationality. 774,900 people (2.03%) didn't declare any nationality. The officially recognized ethnic minorities include: Germans, Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Jews and  Belarusians. The Polish language, a member of the West Slavic branch of the Slavic languages, functions as the official language of Poland. Most Poles adhere to the Roman Catholic faith, 89.8% are  Catholic (according to church baptise statistics) with 75% counting as practicing Catholics. The rest of the population consists mainly of Eastern Orthodox (about 509 500), Jehovah's Witnesses (about 123 034) and  various Protestant (about 86 880 in the largest Evangelical-Augsburg Church and  about as many in smaller churches) religious minorities. [3]

In recent years Poland's population has stopped increasing because of an  increase in emigration and  a sharp drop in the birth rate. In 2006 the census office estimated the total population of Poland at 41,123,615, a slight rise on the 2002 figure of 38,230,080. Since Poland's accession to the European Union, a significant number of Polish people have  moved to work in West European countries like the UK and  Ireland.

[edit] Culture

Polish architecture: Rynek Główny in Cracow. St. Mary's Basilica (left), Sukiennice (center), Town Hall Tower (right).

Polish art: "Stańczyk" painted by Jan Matejko.

Traditional Polish desert:
Polish gingerbread (Polish: pierniki) from Toruń.

Polish culture has a rich thousand-year history influenced by both west and  east. Today, we can see these influences in Polish architecture, folklore, and  art. Poland is  the birthplace of many world famous people, including Pope John Paul II (Polish: Papież Jan Paweł II), Marie Skłodowska Curie (Polish: Maria Skłodowska-Curie), Casimir Pulaski (Polish: Kazimierz Pułaski), Nicolaus Copernicus (Polish: Mikołaj Kopernik), and  many more.

The unique character of Polish art always reflected world trends. Famous Polish painter, Jan Matejko, included many significant historical events in his paintings. Polish literature dates back to 1100s^[6] and  includes many famous poets and  writers such as Jan Kochanowski, Adam Mickiewicz, Henryk Sienkiewicz (1905 Nobel Prize winner), Bolesław Prus, Władysław Reymont, Juliusz Słowacki, Witold Gombrowicz, Czesław Miłosz (1980 Nobel Prize winner), Wisława Szymborska (1996 Nobel Prize winner), to name a few. Many world renowned Polish movie directors include Academy Awards winners Roman Polański, Andrzej Wajda, Zbigniew Rybczyński, Janusz Kamiński, Krzysztof Kieślowski, and  so on. The traditional Polish music composers include world famous pianist Frederic Chopin (Polish: Fryderyk Chopin)^[7] as well as Krzysztof Penderecki, Karol Szymanowski, and  many more.

Many popular styles of modern music in Poland include pop music, rock music, pop-rock music, punk, hardcore, disco music, house music,  and  blues">R&B, hip-hop, rap, jazz, to name a few. Famous pop-rock singers and  musicians in Poland are  Edyta Górniak, Kasia Kowalska, and  so on. Many popular music bands include Ich Troje, Blue Cafe, etc.

Famous meals from Polish cuisine include Polish sausage (Polish: kiełbasa), red beats soup (Polish: barszcz), duck blood soup (Polish: czernina), Polish dumplings (Polish: pierogi), cabbage rolls (Polish: gołąbki), Polish pork chops (Polish: kotlety schabowe), Polish traditional stew (Polish: bigos), various potato dishes, a fast food sandwich zapiekanka, and  many more. Traditional Polish desserts include Polish doughnuts (Polish: pączki), Polish gingerbread (Polish: pierniki), etc.

[edit] International rankings

• Reporters Without Borders world-wide press freedom index 2005: Rank 53rd out of 167 countries.
• Index of Economic Freedom 2005: Rank 41st out of 155 countries.
• Summary Innovation Index 2005: Rank 21st out of 25 countries

[edit] See also

• Tourism in Poland
• Holidays in Poland
• Extreme points of Poland
• Foreign relations of Poland
• List of castles of Poland
• List of cities in Poland
• List of Poland-related topics
• List of Poles
• Polish Armed Forces
• Voivodeships of Poland
• Poland national football team

[edit] References

Poland Portal

[edit] External links

• Poland at the World Factbook

[edit] Governmental institutions

• Sejm - Sejm - lower chamber of the Parliament
• Senat - Senate - upper chamber of the Parliament
• Prezydent - President of the Republic of Poland
• KPRM - Prime Minister's Office
• Sąd Najwyższy - Supreme Court
• Trybunał Konstytucyjny - Constitutional Tribunal
• National Bank of Poland
• The Poland.pl portal
• Warsaw Stock Exchange
• GUS - Central Statistical Office

[edit] English-language websites on Poland

• Skiing in Poland
• World History Database - Poland
• poland.gov.pl - the governmental page about Poland for international visitors
• Centreurope.org: Poland section
• World History Database Chronology of Poland
• Poland main cities satellite views. Latitude and  longitude coordinates

[edit] English-language news on Poland

• Warsaw Voice, an  English-language newspaper
• Warsaw Business Journal, an  English-language newspaper
• Polish Market - Business Portal for Poland
• - Google News listing articles about Poland

[edit] Tourism in Poland

• Polish Guide of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (poland.gov.pl)
• Polish National Tourist Office (poland-tourism.pl, a part of pot.gov.pl)
• Parks in Poland National parks, wetlands, biosphere reserves and  other protected areas
• Poland travel guide from Wikitravel

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